Tuesday, December 13, 2011

Ay 20

Ay 20 was definitely my favorite class this term ( although, I will admit to a bias since I'm an Astrophysics major :P ). Any class that has anything to do with space is automatically more interesting in my book.  More importantly, the material was well taught and clearly presented.


 Doing regular problem sets with hard deadlines is a huge part of the normal daily life of a Caltech student. Sometimes the problem sets are good at teaching the material. Sometimes they seem irrelevant. Regardless, when life becomes too hectic, there isn't always enough time to  really understand the concepts behind the questions. In this class, we didn't have hard deadlines.  Instead, we dedicated most of our class time as well as an additional four hours a week to problem solving in small groups.  The problems were carefully picked so that instead of just speeding through proofs in books, I could see first-hand how many of the key theories/equations were derived.  Whenever we'd get stuck, Professor Johnson or Jackie were always there to give us just the right amount of guidance so that we could continue solving the problem on our own.  This was a completely new style of class for me, but I feel like I learned a lot more than I would have in the standard "lecture" class.  Also, thanks to the partner-work, Juliette and I became good friends :]


Caltech is arguably the best place in the world to study Astrophysics. I wouldn't trade the opportunities and experiences I have here for anything. At the same time, Caltech has a terrible habit of taking a subject that I love and trying to beat that passion out of me. In my case, this was physics. I had a fairly poor physics background coming in to Caltech and have been playing catch-up in my physics classes because of it. Since Astrophysics is basically a specialized physics major, I was starting to get discouraged. Professor Johnson and Jackie had a lot of faith in me and my future as an astronomer, which was incredibly encouraging.  At the beginning of term I was on the fence between staying in astrophysics and switching to regular physics. After this class, I'm definitely staying in astro :] 


Another awesome part of class was getting regular visits from leading astronomers. It was really interesting to hear from very different types of people with very different career paths that were all united by their passion for astronomy. Through our interactions with them, we also learned how to approach these professionals (and that they were, in fact, just people like you and me!). 


The labs were really interesting. In the first one, we measured the radius of the earth using nothing but a stopwatch and the sunset (and we got to take a trip to the beach during the school year!).  For the second lab, we analyzed a picture of mercury transiting the sun to find properties of its orbit. I ended up doing a third optional lab in which I used real data online to analyze stars and find their transiting planets. The lab write ups were the most painless I've had to do in a very long time. I'm not the biggest fan of formal writing (to say the least), and I hate when the formalities of lab write-ups take away from the excitement of actually doing the lab. The labs for this class made me feel like I was solving real-world problems instead of fulfilling some class requirement that was said ages ago. 


The final was also a really good gauge of what I learned in class - which was refreshing. It also left me feeling encouraged and that the amount I studied was proportional to the amount of material I understood (which isn't always the case). Instead of a usual 4+ hour take-home written exam, we had a 30 minute oral exam. This might be difficult to implement in classes that have 200 students, but it was perfect for a small class like this.


I'm going to really miss this class next term :( I hope that more of my future astro classes will be this fun!

Sunday, December 4, 2011

Finding Exoplanets

As a third lab, I played around with the tools on portal.lcogt.net. 
First, I started off by analyzing an image of CoRoT2b. The program asked me to pick a target star (to see if it has an exoplanet), a piece of dark sky for reference, and three calibration stars. Then, using the program, I could "analyze" the image. The measurements of the light curves of the stars I picked was saved to the combined light curve. Then I repeated the first few steps with 13 different images of the same piece of the night sky. 
The second step was to classify the calibrator lightcurves as being flat, having a dip, having a blip, being periodic, or just odd. I classified two of the calibrators as seeming to have dips. These curves are then contributed to the final lightcurve for further analysis. 
I couldn't figure out a way to save an image of the final lightcurve, but I can just describe it. The light curve (a plot of relative brightness as a function of time) had a drop in brightness of  5.94% and a transit time of 2.306 hours.  


Using the following equations, and the above measurements, we can calculate several important features of the exoplanet. 





In this case, the mass of the star was inferred to be 0.97 solar masses. The radius of the planet was found to be 2.48 Rjupiter at a distance of 0.028AU with an orbital period of 1.743 days. This seems unrealistic to me. Even just visually speaking, the light curve was pretty shallow dip. Also, .028AU is 5.6 solar Radii, which isn't a plausible distance for the orbital distance.
Although, I could have very well measured something wrong or measured the wrong star altogether. It could also be a result of poor alignment of my tags or the small sample of pictures. 

The next star I looked at was HAT-P-25b. The process for this was just like that for CoRoT2b, only this time with 109 pictures instead of 13. In this case, I thought one calibrator star had no dip, one had a dip, and one had a periodic pattern. The light curve dipped 3.82% with a transit time of 2.769 hours. The size of the star is about 1.01 solar masses. Using these quantities, the planet radius is inferred to be 1.89 times that of Jupiter with an orbital radius of .047AU and an orbital period of 3.653 days.  
This still feels a little strange to me, but I'm not sure where my mistake lies :/ (also, it could be that I don't have a good sense yet of the plausible properties of a transiting planet).

Overall, this lab was pretty awesome! While I was labeling all of the pictures, my room-mate walked by and asked "Are you really looking at pictures of stars again?" :)

Alternative Careers in Astrophysics

As an Astrophysics major, I feel like I subconsciously accepted the fact that I would stay in "school" for the rest of my life. In my mind, the stereotypical career path was undergrad, grad, postdoc, professorship, etc. I vividly recall talking to my relatives in the Ukraine last summer about my career path. When they asked me how many more years of school I had left, I'd answer nine (three unergrad + 6 or so for grad school) to which they'd always reply: "You mean nine months?". No. Nine years. That's a lot, considering that I've only finished 12 years up to this point. That made me start thinking about alternate career paths, which is why I wanted to cover this question of the blogging assignment. 


Though I still plan on going to graduate school, I'll briefly cover the career prospects of a bachelor's degree in astrophysics. A bachelor's degree in astronomy, astrophysics (or physics) is generally not sufficient to have a research position. Alternative possibilities include being a schoolteacher, writer, museum educator, science technician, or journalist. Science technicians work alongside researchers and deal more with practical matters. It's good to note that some states require school teachers to hold a master's degree in the subject that they teach.  Earning a master's degree give more career options than a bachelor's but it's still considered to have limited opportunities. 


Earning a PhD in astronomy (or astrophysics) is an essential step to a solid career in astronomy. One of the many places to find jobs as an astronomer is at NASA. These range from research to management to software to engineering to data analysis. Another big-name place to work in is Lockheed Martin. Jobs there include intelligence analysis, scientist, engineer, management, and software. 
Another option is to work for the military or U.S. Government. (Actually, a lot of astronomy research is government funded, so technically that's also working for the government). This doesn't necessarily mean being in the front lines. There are a lot of behind-the-scenes jobs. Personally, I really like having that option open. I don't know if I'll ever actually end up working for the military, but I've always thought that it would be really awesome. I can only imagine how confused my parents must have been when their 11-year old daughter begged them to send her to military school (lucky for me, they didn't...). 


There are also career opportunities that are (seemingly) far from the astronomy field. For example, since computer programming is a skill that many astronomers share, a career as a software programmer is also a possibility. That does however, depend on the amount of programming experience included in one's research/education.  Another option is to go into finance. Astronomers/astrophysicists/physicists are well known for having great analytical skills and are sought after for jobs in the finance fields.  


In the last few months, I've been thinking more and more about my career. At times, I've been more than tempted to switch to physics. A lot of my peers recommend it because physics is such a broad degree name that it becomes a lot easier to find jobs in a wider selection of fields. There are also many schools (luckily Caltech isn't one of them!) where astrophysics is considered a much less rigorous major than physics. However, upon doing some reflecting I realized that regular physics doesn't interest me terribly. Or rather, I should say that the only application of physics that really excites and motivates me is that of astrophysics.  I see physics as an essential tool that I need to understand stellar objects. The way physics works out is beautiful, to say the least, but all I really want to do is spend my time applying it to space-stuff. 
It's great to know, however, that if somewhere down the line I can't (or choose not to) work in astronomy anymore I can take the skills I learn from it to a variety of different fields. 


websites that I visited in collecting my information: monster.com, lockheedmartin.com, nasa.gov, collegeboard.com, spsnational.org,